hard-working 和 hardworking有什么区别？

Hardworking也写作hard-working。如果单词很流行、很顺口，而且不会误读，连字符“-”就会慢慢地被废弃，两个单词就干脆连着写成一个单词了。

Hardworking只有一个义项，就是指人勤奋、勤勉的意思(industrious; diligent)，形容词。例如：These hardworking people have worked hard all day.

Hard working 是两个单词碰巧在一起了。在这种情景下，两个单词一般都是形容词，如 a hard working man。通常来说，与主词越近，关系越紧密，例如a hard working man, 先是working man, 然后才是 hard (working man)。

体会下面两个句子：

例句1：A hard working man is a working man who is tough. (A hard working man是一个坚毅的打工仔)。

例句2：A hard-working man is a man who works hard. (A hard-working man是工作努力勤奋的人)。

搜索网络，你会发现，有些作者直接使用“hard working”表示勤奋，这是不规范的，比如：Managers expect their employees to be smart, hard working and loyal; He has become hard working these days.

Working hard 经常出现，不过这里的working是动词work的现在分词。例如：You're working hard. (你正在努力工作); He is working hard for the finals. (他正在努力准备期末考试。) Working hard只是说在这个特定时刻努力,并没有说一直如此，而hardworking是表述人的长期性格特质。